In wireless environment, TCP suffers from significant performance degradation due to bit errors on wireless link and handover because it responds to all packet losses by invoking congestion control even though packet losses are not related to congestion. Several schemes have been proposed to improve the performance degradation due to each cause. It is well known that ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) and packet forwarding can improve the performance degradation due to bit errors and handover, respectively. They are natural approaches from the viewpoint of protocol layering. ARQ is operated in data-link layer (layer 2) and inherently proposed to reduce the influence of physical layer.
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