TCP is the layer 4 protocol over which all the Internet applications are based. The high latency severely limits performance, especially if high bandwidth is available. Due to the high Bandwidth Delay Product a long time to fill the pipe is needed. To counteract such impairments many solutions have been proposed and some of them are actually implemented in real systems. These solutions are based either on the modification of the mechanism, mainly the flow control, or on the architecture, mainly on splitting the connection, which may even include the use of proprietary protocols.
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