TCP is widely used by commercial video streaming systems. When a packet has not arrived by its playback time, a typical practice in this commercial system is that the client simply stops and waits for this packet, and then resumes playback. This stop-and-wait playout strategy is easy to implement. However, stopping playout due to late packet arrivals renders the viewing experience unsatisfactory. A continuous playout strategy, i.e., continuing playout regardless of late packet arrivals, also leads to unsatisfactory viewing experience, since late packet arrivals cause glitches in the playback. This paper develops discrete-time Markov models to evaluate the performance of live and stored video streaming using TCP.
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