This paper investigates various frequency-domain channel estimators for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems with Virtual Carriers (VCs). As conventional estimators cannot estimate the Channel Transfer Function (CTF) at VCs, DFT-based estimators are not directly applicable in OFDM systems with VCs. To circumvent this, the authors present Least Squares (LS), Generalized Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (GLMMSE) and Generalized Singular Value Decomposition (GSVD) methods to estimate the CTF at VCs. Further, by exploiting the received data samples at VCs, it describes a novel noise variance estimation method. The paper also analyzes the performance degradation due to estimated noise variance.
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