This paper contends that simply storing records in WORM storage is increasingly inadequate to ensure that they are trustworthy. Specifically, with the large volume of records that are typical today, meeting the ever more stringent query response time requires the use of direct access mechanisms such as indexes. Relying on indexes for accessing records could, however, provide a means for effectively altering or deleting records, even those stored in WORM storage. This paper establishes the key requirements for a fossilized index that protects the records from such logical modification. Based on the insights, the Generalized Hash Tree (GHT) is proposed.
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