Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems provide dramatic capacity gain through an increased spatial dimension. However, the capacity gain is reduced if the channel state information (CSI) is not perfectly known. Thus, to improve MIMO system performance, CSI at the transmitter (CSIT) and receiver (CSIR) should be used efficiently. Uncertainties in CSI arise mainly due to imperfect channel estimation at the receiver and limited feedback capability of the reverse link. These two factors degrade the performance of practical MIMO systems.
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