This paper synthesizes recent research that sheds light on the debate over the impact of population dynamics on economic development in particular, the importance of age structure. The paper also examines the relationship between population change and economic growth in specific regions of the world and discusses the policy environment needed for nations to benefit economically from the transition to lower fertility rates. The relationship between population change and economic growth has taken on added salience in the last few decades because of demographic trends in the developing world.
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