An important characteristic of any TCP connection is the sequencing of packets within that connection. Generally, if sequence numbers are monotonically increasing, then all is well - data flows through that connection without loss, and the network does not introduce pathological problems such as in-network duplication and reordering. Conversely, out-of-sequence packets indicate that the connection suffers from loss, duplication or reordering. This paper presents a measurement study and classification methodology for out-of-sequence packets in TCP connections observed within the Sprint IP backbone.
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