The massive security breaches for the tragedy of September 11, 2001underscores the importance of Authentication as well as Authorization. This paper is geared toward people dealing with real business problems within organizations, as well as to technologists chartered to find viable technical solutions. Since all projects require financial justification, the Return on Investment (ROI) is also germane to the discussion. The scope of this paper is limited to the deployment of smart card-based identity and access management systems inside a public or private organization.
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