The specification of the electrical interface between the card and the terminal has been handled in a very muddled way by the 3 main groups of standards and specifications (ISO, EMV, GSM). The result is: there is no set of electrical standards or specs for both cards and terminals that can be used to guarantee reliable communication between card and terminal. The 3 groups of standards and specs for asynchronous microprocessor cards are mutually contradictory Memory card handling, although important commercially, is being rapidly sidelined by specification developers.
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