Tried and true, the Smith chart is still the basic tool for determining transmission-line impedances.
When dealing with the practical implementation of RF applications, there are always some nightmarish tasks. One is the need to match the different impedances of the interconnected blocks. Typically these include the antenna to the low-noise amplifier (LNA), power-amplifier output (RFOUT) to the antenna, and LNA/VCO output to mixer inputs. The matching task is required for a proper transfer of signal and energy from a "source" to a "load."
At high radio frequencies, the spurious elements(like wire inductances, interlayer capacitances, and conductor resistances) have a significant yet unpredictable impact on the matching network. Above a few tenths of megahertz, theoretical calculations and simulations are often insufficient. In-situ RF lab measurements, along with tuning work, have to be considered for determining the proper final values. The computational values are required to set up the type of structure and target component values.
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