The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was born of the Cold War and survived for most of its organizational life linked to competition with the Soviet Union. When the U.S.S.R. dissolved in 1991 and the Cold War ended, NASA was bereft of its central rationale. At the same time, it was constrained in seeking new missions by an agreement between the President and Congress to cap federal expenditures and ridiculed by politicians and the media for launching the Hubble Space Telescope with a defective lens. Conflict between the White House and NASA over priorities forced President Bush in 1992 to ask then NASA administrator, Richard Truly, to resign. With its principal program, the Space Station, under sharp attack from congressional and other critics, NASA was an agency in disarray, its very survival threatened. It fell to Daniel S. Goldin, an aerospace executive from California, appointed NASA administrator in April 1992, to steer the agency through the turbulent 1990s into the 21st century. Strong-willed, confrontational, and decisive, Goldin wasted little time in forcing NASA to face budget reality.
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