One of the major impediments to the successful engineering of replacement tissues for grafting and organ repair is the adequate vascularization of the new tissue. New blood vessels are necessary to support the health and homeostasis of tissue grafts. Moreover, the capillary network supporting engineered tissues could be used to deliver growth factors or drugs to the tissue itself. The identification of molecular switches regulating the formation and growth of blood vessel capillaries (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis) is a necessary step for designing new practical strategies for optimizing graft neovascularization and/or for maintaining the endogenous vascular network in grafted or engineered tissue. Key regulatory molecules controlling the growth and differentiation of capillaries could be targeted using peptidomimetics or exogenous genes to optimize the controlled growth of a supportive blood vessel network in new tissues. However, there is first a need for studying in detail the cells giving rise to capillaries and the genes controlling the signaling pathways making the different endothelia compatible with their destined tissue environments.
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